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Abstract The integration of building information modelling (BIM) with real-time game engines (GEs) promises to transform the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry by enhancing design processes, streamlining construction workflows, and fostering more effective stakeholder collaboration. To understand the status of BIM and GE integration, this study employs a mixed-method approach by combining meta-analysis and meta-synthesis to assess the current state of BIM and GE integration. Drawing on data from academic databases such as Scopus and Web of Science, it classifies applications into key domains (e.g. design visualization, modular construction workflows, and real-time simulation) and examines the technologies, workflows, and evolving trends. The findings demonstrate that integration notably improves productivity, decision-making, and collaboration, yet widespread adoption remains hindered by persistent challenges, including interoperability barriers, high implementation costs, scalability constraints, and limited exploration of emerging technologies, such as generative AI, robotics, and reinforcement learning. Overcoming these issues is crucial to realizing the full potential of BIM–GE integration. Building on these insights, this paper proposes a future research agenda, encouraging the development of standardized integration protocols, more intuitive user interfaces, and advanced interoperability solutions. It also advocates for incorporating extended reality, automation, and other advanced technologies to support real-time, scalable, and collaborative environments. While this work provides a robust foundational resource for both researchers and industry practitioners, it acknowledges certain limitations, such as a reliance on academic literature and a greater emphasis on methodological aspects over practical implementations.
Rehman et al. (Wed,) studied this question.