Chylopericardium as a late-onset complication of cryoballoon ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

Figures

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  Figure 1. A: Anatomy of the left atrium and pulmonary veins. Preprocedural 3-dimensional computed tomography image showing normal anatomy of the pulmonary veins and left atrium in the posterior view. B: Procedural details of cryoballoon ablations. The figure illustrates the cryoablations of each pulmonary vein and the details of each ablation. LIPV = left inferior pulmonary vein; LSPV = left superior pulmonary vein; RIPV = right inferior pulmonary vein; RSPV = right superior pulmonary vein; TTI = time to isolation.

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  Figure 2. Echocardiography showing 20–25 mm pericardial effusion 3 months after cryoablation.

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  Figure 3. A: The normal anatomy of the thoracic duct. B: Common variations of the thoracic duct. C: Posterior view of the thoracic duct and its tributaries. Reprinted8 with permission from Elsevier (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2016.12.012 [A and B] and https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thorsurg.2011.01.002 [C]).