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Abstract. The role of rainfall space–time structure, as well as its complex interactions with land surface properties, in flood response remains an open research issue. This study contributes to this understanding, specifically for small (100 years) rainfall return periods. The impact of impervious area on flood response decreases with increasing rainfall return period. For extreme storms, the maximum discharge is closely linked to the spatial structure of rainfall, especially storm core spatial coverage. The spatial heterogeneity of rainfall increases flood peak magnitudes by 50 % on average at the watershed outlet and its subwatersheds for both small and large return periods. The framework of SST–GSSHA-coupled frequency analysis also highlights the fact that spatially distributed rainfall scenarios are needed in quick-response flood frequency, even for relatively small basin scales.
Zhou et al. (Tue,) studied this question.