Advances in Cardiovascular Wearable Devices

Figures

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  Figure 1. (a) Pacemaker and ICD [32]. (b) Medtronic Reveal LINQ insertable cardiac monitor [30]. (c) CardioMEMS for monitoring pulmonary artery pressure [23].

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  Figure 2. (a) A Holter monitor with multiple electrodes [34]. (b) An ECG monitor by SAVVY [35]. (c) A palm-sized ECG monitor by Wellue [37]. (d) A 12-lead ECG wearable on e-skin along with its comparison [38]. (e) A multifunctional, self-healable e-skin wearable for measuring ECG signal [39] (f) Flexible ECG monitor with non-stretchable components [40].

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  Figure 3. (a) A piezoelectric-based e-skin heart monitor [44]. (b) A PPG-based heart rate monitor for equine [47]. (c) The framework of an accelerometer-based removal of motion artifact from the PPG signal for heart rate measurement [48]. (d) The flowchart diagram of remote PPG (rPPG) using camera [51].

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  Figure 6. (a) Flowchart for the removal of motion artifact using Cycle Generative Adversarial Network (CycleGAN) [71]. (b) Results from the age predicted from the ECG using deep neural network [74]. (c) A wearable sensor from VitalConnect to measure multiple parameters for training a machine learning algorithm for heart failure event prediction [76]. (d) Hemotag for measuring aortic, pulmonic, and sternum waveforms [78]. (e) Biobeat skin patch for measuring multiparametric vitals [80].

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  Figure 4. (a) A cuffless BP monitoring bracelet, Aktiia, that measures BP using PPG signal [57]. (b) A bioZ ring to measure BP non-invasively using bioimpedance along with the BP values from the ring comparison with a standard Finapres BP values [58]. (c) A flexible e-skin-based BP monitor based on graphene electronic tattoo [60]. (d) A capacitive transducer e-skin pressure sensor [61].

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  Figure 5. (a) PhysioFlow for measuring impedance cardiography [64]. (b) Remote Dielectric Sensing Vest for monitoring thoracic fluid index using electromagnetic beam [66]. (c) CoVa 2 for measuring thoracic fluid index and other hemodynamic parameters [67]. (d) Microcore for measuring thoracic fluid index and other cardiovascular parameters including ECG, HR, activity, and posture [68].