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Resonance Raman spectroscopy has been used to study chemically modified retinal analogues involving chain substitutions, ring substitutions, or Schiff-base linkages. In addition, retinal fragments and fully deuterated retinals were investigated, and infrared spectra of the four isomers of retinal were obtained. Low-frequency resonance Raman spectra are also reported for all of the isomers of retinal, for the protonated and unprotonated Schiff bases of trans-retinal, for beta-ionone, and for trans-3-dehydroretinal. Band assignments were made to specific vibrational motions, and these assignments have led to a detailed understanding of the spectral features observed in the resonance raman spectra of the retinylidene chromophore in rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin.
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Cookingham et al. (1978) studied this question.
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