Beta Blockers Improve Prognosis When Used Early in Patients with Cardiogenic Shock: An Analysis of the FRENSHOCK Multicenter Prospective Registry

Figures

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  Figure 1. Study population. BB, betablocker, CS, cardiogenic shock.

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  Figure 2. Short- and long-term mortality outcomes after CS according to treatment with betablockers at 24 h (BB vs. non-BB). BB = betablocker, HR = hazard ratio, Panel (A) represents 1-month overall mortality. Panel (B) focus on 1-year mortality. The cumulative incidences of 1-year and 1-month mortality were estimated with the use of the Kaplan–Meier method; hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated with the use of Cox regression models. According to significant characteristics found as independent predictive factors in multivariable analyses, 1-year mortality was adjusted for age, current smoking, active cancer, use of norepinephrine, acute renal replacement therapy, use of aMCS, and non-observance triggers. We adjusted 1-month mortality for age, diabetes mellitus, current smoking, previous ICD, use of diuretics, acute renal replacement therapy, use of aMCS, and LVEF ≤ 30%.

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  Figure 3. Short- and long-term mortality outcomes after CS according to discontinuation of betablockers within the 24 first hours. BB = betablocker, HR = hazard ratio, Panel (A) represents 1-month overall mortality. Panel (B) focuses on 1-year mortality. The cumulative incidences of 1-year and 1-month mortality were estimated with the use of the Kaplan–Meier method; hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated with the use of Cox regression models. According to significant characteristics found as independent predictive factors in multivariable analyses, 1-year mortality was adjusted for age, current smoking, active cancer, use of norepinephrine, acute renal replacement therapy, use of aMCS, and non-observance triggers. We adjusted 1-month mortality was adjusted for age, diabetes mellitus, current smoking, previous ICD, use of diuretics, acute renal replacement therapy, use of aMCS, and LVEF ≤ 30%.

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  Figure 4. Short- and long-term mortality outcomes after CS according to early introduction of betablockers (early BB vs. non-early BB). BB = betablocker, HR = hazard ratio, Panel (A) represents 1-month overall mortality. Panel (B) focuses on 1-year mortality. The cumulative incidences of 1-year and 1-month mortality were estimated with the use of the Kaplan–Meier method; hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated with the use of Cox regression models. According to significant characteristics found as independent predictive factors in multivariable analyses, 1-year mortality was adjusted for age, current smoking, active cancer, use of norepinephrine, acute renal replacement therapy, use of aMCS, and non-observance triggers. We adjusted 1-month mortality for age, diabetes mellitus, current smoking, previous ICD, use of diuretics, acute renal replacement therapy, use of aMCS, and LVEF ≤ 30%.