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May 16, 2026PLoS ONEOpen Access

Out-of-pocket payments and associated factors among hypertensive patients insured under the National Health Insurance Scheme in a referral hospital, Ghana

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Authors

AAAngela Nana Esi AckonUniversity of Health and Allied SciencesHAHubert AmuUniversity of Health and Allied SciencesMAMartin Amogre AyanoreUniversity of Health and Allied Sciences

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Implication

Cross-sectional study examines OOP payments affecting healthcare access in hypertensive patients, indicating need for improvement.

Key Points

  • The research aims to assess the prevalence and implications of out-of-pocket payments among hypertensive patients insured under Ghana's National Health Insurance Scheme.
  • Cross-sectional study of 389 hypertensive patients conducted between February and May 2022
  • Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed with Stata version 15
  • Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were employed to analyze the data.
  • 97.2% of respondents made out-of-pocket payments for healthcare, primarily for medications.
  • 29.1% reported difficulty in making OOP payments, associated with increased likelihood of borrowing money for health expenses (aOR=2.52; 95% CI: 1.31–4.88; p = 0.006).
  • OOP payments were linked to reduced hospital attendance (aOR=5.52; 95% CI: 2.74–11.11; p < 0.001) and an alternative form of treating hypertension (aOR=2.93; 95% CI: 1.60–5.38; p = 0.001).

Cite This Study

Ackon et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a080a29a487c87a6a40c1a7https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0348971
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 1Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control in Ghanaian population: Evidence from the Ghana demographic and health survey2018 · 134 citations
  2. 2Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditures Among Insured and Uninsured Patients in Vietnam2019 · 13 citations
  3. 3The prevalence of hypertension and its associated risk factors among older adults in Ghana2022 · 32 citations
  4. 4Commentary: Strengthening the reporting of observational epidemiology the STROBE statement2007 · 22 citations
  5. 5The Study of Out-of-pocket Payment and the Exposure of Households with Catastrophic Health Expenditures Following the Health Transformation Plan in Iran2020 · 13 citations