Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅) has been linked to various health problems, including negative effects on the nervous system. Rodent models offer a controlled way to study the mechanisms underlying PM₂.₅-induced neurotoxicity. This systematic review combined evidence from 15 peer-reviewed studies found in academic databases, focusing on (1) the effects on brain health, (2) mechanisms of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, (3) impacts of combined exposure, and (4) potential treatment options. The results showed that PM₂.₅ exposure is associated with oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and cognitive problems, characterized by beta-amyloid buildup, microglial activation, and blood–brain barrier disruption through various molecular pathways. Interactions with other factors, such as high-cholesterol diets and co-exposure to pollutants such as formaldehyde, worsen these effects. Several antioxidants, including melatonin, vitamin E, red ginseng, and baicalin-geniposide, have shown potential to protect the brain by modulating inflammatory pathways and enhancing cognition. Differences between species (rats vs. mice) indicated variability in the results and limited broad application. Overall, the current evidence underscores the need for long-term comprehensive research on PM₂.₅ neurotoxicity and the development of multi-target therapies. These findings can guide public health policies to reduce population exposure and highlight the importance of combining environmental monitoring with clinical research to safeguard vulnerable groups.
As et al. (Thu,) studied this question.