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The sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) limit the efficiency of numerous oxygen-based energy conversion devices such as fuel cells and metal-air batteries. Among earth abundant catalysts, manganese-based oxides have the highest activities approaching that of precious metals. In this Review, we summarize and analyze literature findings to highlight key parameters that influence the catalysis of the ORR on manganese-based oxides, including the number of electrons transferred as well as specific and mass activities. These insights can help develop design guides for highly active ORR catalysts and shape future fundamental research to gain new knowledge regarding the molecular mechanism of ORR catalysis.
Stoerzinger et al. (Tue,) studied this question.