Anatomy, pathophysiology and assessment of upper-body lymphoedema

This article reviews the lymphatic system's anatomy and physiology, as well as the etiology of lymphoedema affecting the upper limbs, breast and trunk. It presents evidence-based strategies for assessment, including history-taking, physical exams and clinical tests to guide treatment planning. The importance of selecting personalised compression garments is emphasised. Legislative impacts-such as the US 2024 Lymphedema Treatment Act-and global variability in compression therapy funding are explored, along with nuanced approaches to assessment, staging and diagnostic criteria.