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The term "sustainable" is often assumed to be synonymous with "renewable". However, polymers made from renewable natural resources are not necessarily eco-efficient. Cellulose-based polymers utilize more nonrenewable fossil fuels and are more polluting during manufacture than petro-based polymers. Sustainable polymers also have to be industrially acceptable, and although ultimate biodegradability in the natural environment is important, polymer-based products are required to biodegrade in a controlled way. Service life may be a year or more before the commencement of environmental degradation occurs. Many natural polymers such as rubber, lignin, and humus, like the synthetic polyolefins, biodegrade by an oxidative mechanism (oxo-biodegradation), and consequently much of nature's biological waste cannot satisfy the rapid mineralization criteria currently advocated by standards committees for synthetic polymers. Although biometric tests are more convenient to use than full composting tests, they are meaningless when applied to hydrocarbon polymers, whether natural or synthetic, since oxo-biodegradation is a slower process than hydro-biodegradation at ambient temperatures. Biodegradation standards currently proposed are unrealistic and will need to be modified on the basis of recent scientific evidence.
Scott et al. (Fri,) studied this question.