Further improvements in vibrating sample magnetometer sensitivity

Improvements in sensitivity of a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) are presented. General geometric scaling factors for VSM detection coils also are discussed. The scaling factors show why such increased sensitivity is achieved. For small detection coils and efficient coupling with the sample, noise levels correspond to a change in magnetic moment of 3×10−9 emu at 50 kOe and 1×10−9 emu at 10 kOe. This corresponds to a change in susceptibility Δχ?10−13 emu/g-Oe for a 1-g sample at 10 kOe.