Impact of Simulated Vascular Aging and Heart Rate on Myocardial Efficiency: A Tale of Two Paradigms from In Silico Modelling

Figures

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  Figure 1. Flow schematic representing the human cardiopulmonary system with the Windkessel model.

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  Figure 2. (A) Schematic signals generated by the CM include the LV pressure and aortic pressure waveforms (above) with the simultaneous LV volume signal (below). (B) The combined LV pressure and volume construct was generated.

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  Figure 3. Three pressure–volume loops representing the first cardiac cycle prior to the vena caval occlusion (VCO). Normal, 80% CA, and stiff CA loops are presented.