A free-energy expression for a pure superconductor is derived microscopically which includes effects of a nonlocal order parameter. In the presence of strong field the simple transformation →q→→q+2e→Ac is no longer valid. Using this free energy, fluctuation-induced diamagnetism of a superconductor above Tc is calculated. The resulting universal behavior for pure superconductors is in good agreement with the experiment of Gollub, Beasley, and Tinkham.
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Lee et al. (1971) studied this question.
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