Exercise-Induced Changes in Hemodynamics, Hormones, Electrolytes, and Inflammatory Markers in Veteran Athletes with and without Coronary Atherosclerosis

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Time-dependent changes in HR, percentage of maximum HR (% of HRmax), and BP for the control group (in blue), the high CACS group (in black), and the significant stenosis group (in red). HR and percentage of maximum HR gradually increased during the exercise test (Ptime < 0.001) but did not differ across groups (Pgroup = 0.87 and Pgroup = 0.36, respectively). SBP increased during exercise but was significantly lower postexercise than at baseline (Ptime < 0.001). Diastolic BP decreased during exercise and returned to baseline levels during recovery (Ptime < 0.001). Data are presented at baseline, at 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% completion of the exercise test, and at t = 0, t = 2, t = 30, t = 60, t = 120, and t = 180 min after exercise cessation (P0, P2, P30, P60, P120, P180, respectively).

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  FIGURE 2. Time-dependent changes in PTH, calcium, phosphate, and magnesium concentrations at baseline, at maximal exertion and 180 min postexercise for the control group (in blue), the high CACS group (in black), and the significant stenosis group (in red). PTH concentrations increased during exercise (Ptime < 0.001) but did not differ across groups (Pgroup = 0.742). Albumin-corrected calcium concentrations showed a slight increase (Ptime = 0.036) but did not differ across groups (Pgroup = 0.994). Phosphate concentrations increased during exercise (Ptime < 0.001) but did not differ across groups (Pgroup = 0.736). Magnesium concentrations decreased during exercise (Ptime < 0.001) but did not differ across groups (Pgroup = 0.857). Data are presented at baseline (B0), at maximal exertion (P0), and 180 min postexercise (P180).

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  FIGURE 3. Time-dependent changes in cytokine concentrations at baseline, at maximal exertion and 180 min postexercise for the control group (in blue), the high CACS group (in black), and the significant stenosis group (in red). CRP concentrations did not change during or after exercise (Ptime=0.741) and did not differ across groups (Pgroup = 0.604). IL-6 concentrations were slightly increased at maximal exertion and decreased after exercise (Ptime < 0.001) but did not differ across groups (Pgroup = 0.875). IL-10 concentrations mostly were below the limit of detection (LoD) and did not differ across groups (Pgroup = 0.798) nor over time (Ptime = 0.965). IL-1RA concentrations increased during exercise (Ptime < 0.001) but did not differ across groups (Pgroup = 0.881). Data are presented at baseline (B0), at maximal exertion (P0), and at 60 and 180 min postexercise (P60 and P180, respectively).

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  FIGURE 4. Time-dependent changes in ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin concentrations at baseline, at maximal exertion and 180 min postexercise for the control group (in blue), the high CACS group (in black), and the significant stenosis group (in red). ICAM-1 concentrations did not change during or after exercise (Ptime=0.284) and did not differ across groups (Pgroup = 0.804). VCAM-1 concentrations did not change during or after exercise (Ptime = 0.840) and did not differ across groups (Pgroup = 0.332). E-selectin concentrations increased a little during exercise (Ptime < 0.001) and returned to baseline after 180 min recovery but did not differ across groups (Pgroup = 0.523). Data are presented at baseline (B0), at maximal exertion (P0), and 180 min postexercise (P180).