Fractal analysis in cardiovascular magnetic resonance: prognostic value of biventricular trabecular complexity in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Figures

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  Figure 1. The flowchart shows the inclusion and exclusion criteria. HCM, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; CMR, cardiovascular magnetic resonance; LGE, late gadolinium enhancement; events, composite of primary and secondary end points.

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  Figure 2. FD images of two HCM patients. (A,B) Left ventricular and right ventricular FD images of a patient reached primary end point and with high biventricular FDs (LV maximal apical FD =1.374, RV global FD =1.327); (C,D) biventricular FD images of a patient with no adverse events and with low biventricular FDs (LV max apical FD =1.196, RV global FD =1.203). These images are published with the patients’ consent. FD, fractal dimension; HCM, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; LV, left ventricle; RV, right ventricle.

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  Figure 3. Pearson correlation coefficients (r value) between biventricular FDs and cardiac parameters. r<0 indicates negative correlation, r>0 indicates positive correlation. r value closer to 1 or −1 represents stronger correlation, while r value closer to 0 means weaker correlation. FD, fractal dimension; RV, right ventricle; LV, left ventricle; Bas, max basal; Glo, global; Api, max apical; LVOT, left ventricular outflow tract; LA, left atrium; LVT, left ventricular wall thickness; LVEF, left ventricle ejection fraction; LVEDVi, left ventricle end-diastolic volume index; LVESVi, left ventricle end-systolic volume index; LVMassi, left ventricle mass index.

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  Figure 4. Survival curves of high and low FD groups. (A,B) Survival curves of high and low RV FD groups in HCM patients (cutoff value using RV global FD =1.290); (C,D) survival curves of high and low LV FD groups in HCM patients (cutoff value using LV max apical FD =1.347). (A,C) For primary end point, (B,D) for secondary end point. RV, right ventricle; FD, fractal dimension; LV, left ventricle; HCM, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.