Activation and diversification of Arctic policy: a historiographical review

The softening climate and ice conditions in the Arctic have led to a significantly increase in the associated research and business activity. The Arctic potential attracts the attention of states, and they seek to formulate efficient strategies for using the emerging resources and opportunities. The purpose of this work is to identify signs of intensification and diversification of the Arctic policy of states in the late 20th — first quarter of the 21st century, which are reflected in scientific publications. The study uses the works of experts who have studied the manifestations and dynamics of climate change in the Arctic region, the associated natural, political and socio-economic opportunities and threats. A systematic approach is used to consider the interests, connections and relations of states. Through synthesis, analysis, comparison and generalization, trends in the development of the Arctic and the evolution of Arctic strategies are identified. It is concluded that the authors actively considered the climate agenda. In the interdisciplinary field, the causes, nature of climate change, their impact on natural ecosystems and living conditions of the population of the Arctic region are identified. Since the early 2000s, the vector of scientific research related to the opportunities that are opening up due to the melting of ice in the Arctic has begun to gain momentum — the development of communication routes and transport logistics, mining and industrial construction in the Arctic latitudes. Along with interaction in the field of Arctic research and development, international rivalry is developing. The desire to protect their interests and expand geopolitical influence leads to the militarization of the Arctic policy of various countries. Assessing the crisis of trust between countries and the presence of threats, researchers note the lack of effective instruments and mechanisms for regulating interstate relations and the need for joint efforts to achieve peace and security. The intensification of economic development of the Arctic region is inevitable, and the responsibility of countries is to prevent threats leading to the destruction of its nature through new scientific, technical and organizational means.