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Today, most higher education institutions use broad learning management systems such as Blackboard, Moodle, or Instructure Canvas to aid in assessment. Additionally, specialized systems (such as Mastering software series, OWL, etc.) exist for individual disciples and courses. While these systems have shown improvements in student learning, the majority of questions they may ask fall into one of two categories: free response text-based questions or multiple-choice/matching questions. Free-response systems allow teachers to ask meaningful questions which require students to have deep understanding of the subject in order to answer correctly. More restrictive questions use simple multiple choice or matching questions. Research has suggested that multiple choice or matching questions cannot be used to properly assess deep knowledge on a subject [1,2]. The exercises often only involve memorization.
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Bryfczynski et al. (2012) studied this question.