Key result
Proposed 4D spatiotemporal framework maps immune dynamics in CV events to improve precise immunomodulation.
Why the study?
Cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of global mortality, yet immune responses to cardiovascular damage are neither temporally linear nor spatially homogeneous.
Integrating spatiotemporal dynamics of immune responses into experimental design and clinical interpretation can improve targeted immunomodulation in cardiovascular medicine.
Hypothesis-generating for refined immunomodulation in cardiovascular disease; should not yet alter clinical practice pending further evidence.
Cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of global mortality despite advances in revascularization, pharmacotherapy, and risk stratification. Immune responses to cardiovascular damage are neither temporally linear nor spatially homogeneous; they evolve across overlapping phases and distinct anatomical compartments. Here, we propose a four-dimensional spatiotemporal framework to map immune dynamics in cardiovascular events. Temporally, responses progress from hyperacute thrombo-inflammatory activation to acute inflammation, resolution/repair, and chronic remodeling. Spatially, immune programs differentiate across the intravascular compartment, infarct/lesion core, peri-infarct border zone, distant myocardium, and device-tissue interface, each possessing distinct cellular composition, signaling pathways, and therapeutic sensitivities. By integrating molecular imaging, single-cell and spatial transcriptomics, serial biomarker profiling, and computational modeling, we demonstrate how immune activity can be resolved with increasing anatomical and temporal precision. Using neutrophil extracellular traps as a case study, we show how the same effector mechanism can exhibit different effects depending on the phase and microenvironment. Clinical trial experience with anti-inflammatory therapies further emphasizes the need to align target selection and treatment timing with the underlying immunological trajectories. A spatiotemporal approach transforms cardiovascular inflammation from a static risk factor into a measurable and potentially targetable dynamic, site-specific process. Including phase, anatomical niche, and immune phenotype in experimental design and clinical interpretation can improve precise immunomodulation and strengthen translational alignment in cardiovascular medicine.
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Dinc et al. (2026) conducted a review in Cardiovascular disease. A proposed four-dimensional spatiotemporal framework maps immune dynamics in cardiovascular events across distinct anatomical compartments and temporal phases to improve precise immunomodulation.
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