Non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) progresses through distinct clinical stages, from localized growth to metastatic spread. This study introduces a mathematical model that incorporates fractional-order dynamics using Caputo’s definition.Fractional models capture the memory effects present in biological processes.The existence, uniqueness, positivity and boundedness of solutions for fractional model are ensured by using fixed-point theorem. The reproduction number Formula: see text was determined using the next-generation method, and outcomes of the sensitivity analysis for Formula: see text were derived by various parameters. The local and global robustness are demonstrated by Routh-Hurwitz technique and the Lyapunov-based function. The robustness of the fractional model was examined using Ulam-Hyers (UH) stability and generalized UH stability criteria. The Adams-Bashforth predictor-corrector method demonstrates well compared to RK4 approach. Using Adams-Bashforth predictor-corrector approach, we performed numerical simulations to investigate the impact of the fractional order (x). Graphical representations show the impact of various modeling and results show a clear improvement in prediction accuracy.
Suleman et al. (2026) studied this question.