Mixture Design-Modelling and Optimization of Ketoprofen Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Augmented Anti-inflammatory Activity Following Pharmacodynamic Evaluation in Rats

) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels by 55.6% and 58.4%, respectively, compared with the carrageenan control group. Furthermore, the SLN-based gel demonstrated markedly higher bioadhesion (+81%) and a two-fold increase in permeation flux compared with the pure drug gel.Overall, the optimized ketoprofen SLN gel achieved enhanced bioadhesion, skin permeation, and anti-inflammatory efficacy, confirming the potential of lipid nanoparticle-based systems for topical NSAID delivery. This strategy provides a rational, statistically optimized platform for improving localized therapy while minimizing systemic adverse effects.