Sustainable Solutions to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance in Healthcare and Food Systems: Insights and Way Forward

The overuse of antibiotics has led to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), posing a major threat to global public health, healthcare systems, and food safety. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria, known as ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species), have a profound impact on human health and impose a substantial burden on the global economy. Therefore, research efforts have increasingly focused on sustainable antimicrobial alternatives that are naturally derived, eco-friendly, and capable of long-term integration into healthcare and food systems. This review begins by examining the modes of action of conventional antibiotics and the mechanisms by which bacteria develop resistance. It then evaluates emerging antimicrobial agents, including probiotics, antimicrobial peptides, essential oils, and bacteriophages, emphasizing their effectiveness and mechanisms of action. These alternatives have shown potential in mitigating AMR while offering environmental benefits, such as lower ecological toxicity and renewable sourcing. Challenges, such as resistance development, ecological imbalances, and product consistency, are also critically examined. Overall, this review offers insights into promising and sustainable alternatives to conventional antibiotics, supporting ongoing research efforts for their practical application in healthcare and food safety practices.