Characterization of three gut microbes and their toxins in cancerous and healthy tissues of Iranian patients with colorectal cancer.

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the presence of three gut bacteria and their toxin-encoding genes in cancerous tissues and their adjacent healthy tissues in Iranian patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Background: CRC is a leading gastrointestinal malignancy influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Gut microbiota dysbiosis, including overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria and loss of beneficial species, contributes to carcinogenesis through toxins, inflammation, and DNA damage. Methods: (H. pylori) and their toxin-encoding genes were detected by using culture and polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Results: s1m2 alleles. Conclusion: and ETBF colonization in CRC tissues compared to control samples. Further studies with greater cohorts of CRC patients are required to better evaluate the role of gut bacteria and their toxins in CRC pathogenesis and development.