RNA-loaded Exosomes in Precision Medicine Engineering, Targeting, and Clinical Prospects

Abstract: Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles secreted by various cell types that play a crucial role in intercellular communication. Their inherent biocompatibility, stability, and ability to traverse biological barriers make them efficient carriers for therapeutic RNA molecules. Engineered RNA-loaded exosomes have emerged as a next-generation platform for targeted RNA delivery in precision medicine. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the design and engineering of RNA-loaded exosomes, emphasizing loading strategies, targeting mechanisms, and pharmacokinetic behavior. It also discusses current methodologies for exosome characterization and highlights their translational potential in the treatment of cancer, genetic, and neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, the review outlines existing challenges, including large-scale production, standardization, and regulatory constraints. Overall, the article underscores the mechanistic insights and therapeutic relevance of RNA-loaded exosomes as a promising and clinically translatable tool in modern drug research.