December 26, 2024The Egyptian Heart JournalOpen Access

Different phenotypes of hypertension and associated cardiovascular and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis

View Full Paper

Ask AI

Bookmark

Why the study?

Clinical inertia regarding out-of-office blood pressure monitoring persists due to a lack of robust evidence on screening hypertension phenotypes and their association with mortality.

Do different hypertension phenotypes (masked, white coat, sustained) increase the risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality compared to normotension?

Structured PICO

Do different hypertension phenotypes (masked, white coat, sustained) increase the risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality compared to normotension?

Population

15,327 participants pooled from 8 cohort studies evaluated for hypertension phenotypes (white coat, masked, or sustained hypertension) using out-of-office blood pressure monitoring (ambulatory or home BP).

Intervention

Hypertension phenotypes (masked hypertension, white coat hypertension, or sustained hypertension) identified via out-of-office blood pressure monitoring.

Comparator

Normotension (normal in-office and out-of-office blood pressure).

Outcome

Cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality.hard clinical

Masked and sustained hypertension are associated with a roughly twofold increased risk of cardiovascular mortality compared to normotension, underscoring the critical need for out-of-office blood pressure monitoring to identify high-risk patients.

Limitations

Small number of included studies (only 8 studies)
Limited geographical and demographic settings

Implication

May support out-of-office BP monitoring; leaves open whether intervention reduces mortality in masked hypertension.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is a leading cause of premature mortality and morbidity. Recent guidelines advocate for out-of-office blood pressure monitoring, including ambulatory and home BP monitoring, to better identify hypertension phenotypes like masked hypertension, white coat hypertension, and sustained hypertension. However, clinical inertia persists due to a lack of robust evidence on the effectiveness of screening these phenotypes and their association with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the relationship between various hypertension phenotypes and future cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality to support the broader implementation of out-of-office BP monitoring. MAIN BODY: Following PRISMA, Cochrane, and MOOSE guidelines, we conducted a comprehensive search in Pubmed, OvidSP, and Cochrane Central databases up to October 17, 2023. Eligible studies reported associations between hypertension phenotypes and cardiovascular or all-cause mortality, with normotension as the reference group. Hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using random-effects models. Eight studies with 15,327 participants were included. Masked hypertension was associated with increased cardiovascular mortality (pooled HR 2.05, 95% CI 1.69-2.48). Sustained hypertension also showed a higher risk (pooled HR 2.42, 95% CI 2.12-2.76). WCH did not significantly increase cardiovascular mortality risk (pooled HR 1.18, 95% CI 0.98-1.42). For all-cause mortality, neither masked hypertension (pooled HR 2.10, 95% CI 0.91-4.88) nor white coat hypertension (pooled HR 1.96, 95% CI 0.71-5.42) showed significant increases. CONCLUSION: Masked hypertension and sustained hypertension are linked to higher cardiovascular mortality compared to normotension, highlighting the importance of out-of-office BP monitoring to identify and manage high-risk phenotypes effectively. Further high-quality studies are needed to generalize these findings and support policy changes.