Continuous Monitoring of Health and Mobility Indicators in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of Recent Technologies

Figures

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  Figure 1. Number of publications relating to health monitoring wearables that provide a user with information in the form of recommendations, monitoring and detection. From January 2010 to February 2019. Reprinted with permission from [6].

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  Figure 2. Signals measured on the y-axis of an accelerometer at 80 Hz in a 5 s window placed on the wrist of a single participant walking at different speeds. Filtered signal is obtained by applying a 4th-order bandpass filter with cut-off frequencies 0.25–2.5 Hz. ‘f’ denotes a forward arm swing. ‘b’ denotes a backward arm swing. Reprinted with permission from [20].

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  Figure 3. Results from study showing localisation accuracy increasing with increasing number of beacon nodes and decreasing with higher number of obstacles. Reprinted with permission from [59].

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  Figure 4. Variation in RSSI values from three access points using WiFi technology. Obtained from a person with a device standing in a fixed location. Each access point is at different distance from the user, with the orange, blue and green signals representing access points with increasing distances respectively. Reprinted with permission from [56].

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  Figure 5. Application of the Kalman Filter (KF) and unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) to reduce noise on RSSI values. Reprinted with permission from [60].

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  Figure 6. Example of geofencing through RSSI. The beacons in the middle of the rooms are the reference points. The red circle is the maximum radius of the beacon, green circle is the radius of the room (the geofence) and the purple circle is the radius where the devices have been detected.

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  Figure 7. Example of grid-based fingerprinting, where the map is divided into a grid and the location is estimated to a specific cell.

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  Figure 8. Location -of-interest-based fingerprinting using 6 areas of interest. Red circles denote the Rx. Reprinted with permission from [9].

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  Figure 9. Illustration of indoor positioning using visible light using LEDs and a photodiode (PD).

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  Figure 10. IoRL network architecture. Reprinted with permission from [96].

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  Figure 11. Map of the sub-acute rehabilitation facility: BLE beacon locations are represented by the red circles. Reprinted with permission from [26].

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  Figure 12. Energy intensity distribution amongst 2 outcome groups in the resident room and the therapy room. Reprinted with permission from [26].