What question did this study set out to answer?

To evaluate how green space structure across urban subdistricts affects breeding bird occurrence.

Optimizing landscape management for breeding bird conservation in urban areas: Insights from a species–habitat network based on citizen science

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Randomized trial explores how green space structure impacts breeding bird occurrence in urban areas, suggesting strategies for conservation.

To evaluate how green space structure across urban subdistricts affects breeding bird occurrence.
Constructed a species-habitat network using bird occurrence data from Shanghai (2020−2023) with 64 species and 26 subdistricts.
Employed linear regression models to analyze the influence of green space metrics and urbanization factors on urban subdistrict roles in the network.
Assessed topological importance and compartmentalization of urban subdistrict nodes.
Species-habitat network exhibited distinct compartments with three modules.
Higher percentage of green space positively influenced species richness; increased road density negatively impacted it.
High patch density of green spaces enhanced specialization but decreased cohesion within modules.

Liu et al. (2026) studied this question.

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Randomized trial explores how green space structure impacts breeding bird occurrence in urban areas, suggesting strategies for conservation.