Low-Frequency Ultrasound Enhances Osteogenic Differentiation Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

R immunocytochemistry), was found to be the mechanism of cell death. Two and five days post-treatment, a PNP of less than 108 kPa upregulated early osteogenic genes (OSX, RUNX2 and bGLAP). Fourteen days post-treatment, a PNP of less than 45 kPa enhanced collagen production and mineralisation by 10% (measured via Sirius Red and Alizarin S Red staining). These findings suggest that a low ultrasound PNP (<45 kPa) at 25 kHz may offer potential therapeutic benefits applicable for bone regeneration.