Imaging of metabolic dysfunction in genetic cardiomyopathies

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Annihilation process in positron emitting tomography. β + decay of the administered radioisotope generates one positron (e+) that annihilates with an electron (e-) resulting in two photons along opposite directions, defined as line of response (LOR). These photons are eventually detected by the surrounding detector. Created with BioRender.com.

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  Fig. 2. 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance spectrum from a healthy volunteer. The resonances correspond from left to right to 2,3-DPGa and PDEb, PCrc, and the three atoms of ATPd (γ, α and β); (a) 2,3-diphosphoglycerate; (b) Phosphodiester; (c) Phosphocreatine; (d) adenosine triphosphate [117]

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  Fig. 3. [11C]-acetate positron emission tomography for quantification of oxygen consumption. Imaging of a control, a genotype positive/phenotype negative patient, and a patient with HCMa. CMRb–derived 4-chamber view and [11C]-acetate positron emission tomographic–derived average [11C]-acetate clearance rate constant (k2) with corresponding polar maps. Myocardial oxygen metabolism was lower in patients with HCM, whereas it was increased in genotype positive/phenotype negative patients compared with controls; (a) hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; (b) cardiac magnetic resonance [118]

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  Fig. 4. [123I]-BMIPPa SPECTb in heart failure. Short axis and horizontal images with [123I]-BMIPP and 201Tl SPECT show type B mismatching in the intraventricular septum (arrowheads) in a patient with right bundle branch block; (a) beta-methyl-iodophenyl pentadecanoic acid; (b) single photon emission computed tomography [66]

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  Fig. 5. Comparison of 31P MR spectra at 3 Tesla and 7 Tesla. The spectra show a gain in signal-to-noise ratio of a factor of 2.8 using the same scan time or a similar signal-to-noise ratio with shorter scan time [109]