Anesthesia for Cesarean Section in Bitches: A Literature Review

Cesarean section is a common surgical procedure in bitches, particularly in cases of dystocia. Pregnant patients present increased anesthetic risk due to physiological changes affecting cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic systems. Additionally, anesthetic drugs can directly or indirectly affect fetal viability and neonatal outcomes. This study aimed to review anesthetic protocols and risk factors associated with cesarean sections in dogs, focusing on maternal safety and neonatal survival. The literature indicates that Propofol is the most suitable induction agent due to its rapid onset and reduced neonatal depression. For anesthetic maintenance, Isoflurane and Sevoflurane are the most recommended inhalational agents, as they produce minimal depressive effects on both the mother and the neonates. Regional anesthesia techniques, such as epidural anesthesia, may be used as adjuncts; however, their use as a sole technique is limited due to potential risks including hypoxemia, regurgitation, and lack of airway control. Advances in veterinary anesthesiology have significantly improved maternal and neonatal survival rates in cesarean procedures. This review reinforces the importance of appropriate anesthetic selection and perioperative management to optimize outcomes in both bitches and their offspring.