Trapa natans L . Extract Attenuates Inflammation and Oxidative Damage in Cisplatin‐Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats by Promoting M2 Macrophage Polarization

Figures

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  Figure 1. T. natans L. extract ameliorates cisplatin-induced cardiotoxicity. (A) Experimental design. Rats were injected with saline, single dose of CDDP (7 mg/kg/w, i.p.), or CDDP (7 mg/kg/w, i.p.), and TNE (100 mg/kg/w, per os ones per day for 2 weeks). The sera for CK/LDH measurement and hearts for histological analysis were collected 14 days after treatment. (B) Fold change of CK and LDH levels was significantly lower in CDDP + TNE-treated rats compared to rats that received CDDP only. (C) H&E staining of heart tissue sections of CDDP + TNE-treated animals revealed reduced myocytes degeneration, inflammatory cells infiltration, hemorrhage, and vascular congestion compared to CDDP-only treated rats. (D) Sirius red staining of heart tissues obtained from CDDP-treated rats revealed extensive collagen deposition. Stained area of fibrous dense tissue was reduced in CDDP + TNE-treated animals and absent in control animals (magnification x40). Data presented as mean ± SD; n = 5 rats per groups. ⁣∗p < 0.05. CDDP, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum [II]; TNE, Trapa natans L. extract.

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  Figure 2. T. natans L. extract attenuates inflammation and oxidative damage in CDDP-treated rats. (A) The concentration of proinflammatory TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-6 were significantly decreased and (B) level of anti-inflammatory IL-10 was significantly increased in serum of CDDP + TNE-treated animals compared to rats that received CDDP only. (C) Levels of prooxidative parameters (NO2ˉ, O2ˉ, and H2O2) were significantly lower, while (D) levels of antioxidative parameters (GSH, CAT, and SOD) were significantly higher in systemic circulation of CDDP + TNE-treated animals compared to rats that received CDDP only. Data presented as mean ± SD; n = 5 rats per groups. ⁣∗p < 0.05, ⁣∗∗p < 0.01, ⁣∗∗∗p < 0.001. CDDP, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum [II]; TNE, Trapa natans L. extract.

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  Figure 3. Application of T. natans L. extract reduces the presence of macrophages and inflammatory cytokines in the hearts of CDDP-treated rats. TNE decreased relative expression of (A) proinflammatory cytokine genes (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) as well as (B) profibrogenic marker TGF-β in the heart tissue of CDDP-treated rats. Representative immunohistochemical images and number of (C) CD68+ macrophages and (D) iNOS+ cells per field in the paraffin-embedded heart tissue sections (×20). Data presented as mean ± SD; n = 5 rats per groups. ⁣∗p < 0.05, ⁣∗∗p < 0.01, ⁣∗∗∗p < 0.001. CDDP, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum [II]; TNE, Trapa natans L. extract.

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  Figure 4. TNE suppress reactive oxygen species and proinflammatory cytokine responses of macrophages. (A) Schematic diagram describing design of in vitro experiments. In vitro LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages isolated from healthy rats were cultured for 48 h with or without TNE. Phenotype of peritoneal macrophages, as well as level of cytokines and prooxidative parameters in supernatants, was analyzed. (B) The significantly lower amounts of IL-6 and higher amount of IL-10 were noticed in supernatants of in vitro LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages cultured with TNE. Difference in the concentration of TNF-α and IFN-γ in the supernatant did not reach statistical difference. (C) Flow cytometry revealed significantly higher percentage of IL-10-producing-, and lower percentage of IL-4-producing LPS-activated CD11b+ macrophages cultured in the presence of TNE, when compared to LPS-stimulated macrophages that were cultured without TNE. (D) TNE-induced significant decrease in concentration of prooxidative parameters O2 and NO in the supernatant of LPS-stimulated CD11b+ macrophages. ⁣∗p < 0.05, ⁣∗∗p < 0.01, ⁣∗∗∗p < 0.001. TNE, Trapa natans L. extract.

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  Figure 5. Proposed mechanism of TNE-based attenuation of cisplatin-induced cardiotoxicity. After cisplatin-induced cardiac injury, application of TNE induces polarization of proinflammatory M1 macrophages to the anti-inflammatory and proregenerative M2 phenotype characterized by increased production of protective IL-10 and antioxidative GSH, CAT, and SOD, resulting with attenuated inflammation, oxidative damage, and fibrosis in the heart. CAT, catalase; GSH, glutathione; SOD, superoxide dismutase.