Application of graphene/graphene-oxide: A comprehensive review

The remarkable mechanical, optical, electrical, electronic, magnetic, and crystal properties of 2D 'graphene' and 'graphene-oxide (GO)' among the carbon nanostructure materials provide a variety of practical uses in the fields of electronics, energy conversion and storage, biomedical sciences, environmental protection, coating technology, and the electrical and magnetic fields. I reviewed and presented more than a hundred applications in the field of 'graphene and GO' in this study and highlighted the advantages in scientific and technological research. Graphene and GO have a wide range of applications due to their unique properties. Graphene's excellent electrical conductivity makes it suitable for transparently conducting electrodes in touchscreens, displays, solar cells, transistors, and other electronic devices while GO's transparency and conductivity make it suitable for conductive transparent coatings. Graphene's sensitivity to various stimuli makes it useful for developing gas sensors, biosensors, and other detection devices. Graphene's high surface area and conductivity make it a promising material for batteries and super-capacitors, whereas GO can be used in energy storage devices, such as super-capacitors. Graphene biocompatibility and ability to be functionalized make it suitable for drug delivery, tissue engineering, and other biomedical applications, whereas GO can be used in drug delivery, gene therapy, and biological sensing due to its high surface area and biocompatibility. Both graphene and GO can be used in ultrafiltration and nano-filtration membranes to improve water purification efficiency.