Although initially described as a cytosolic scaffolding protein, YAP (Yes-associated protein of 65 kDa) is known to associate with multiple transcription factors in the nucleus. Using affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry, we show that YAP interacts with heterogeneous nuclear ribonuclear protein U (hnRNP U), an RNA- and DNA-binding protein enriched in the nuclear matrix that also plays a role in the regulation of gene expression. hnRNP U interacts specifically with the proline-rich amino terminus of YAP, a region of YAP that is not found in the related protein TAZ. Although hnRNP U and YAP localize to both the nucleus and the cytoplasm, YAP does not translocate to the nucleus in an hnRNP U-dependent manner. Furthermore, hnRNP U and YAP only interact in the nucleus, suggesting that the association between the two proteins is regulated. Co-expression of hnRNP U attenuates the ability of YAP to increase the activity of a p73-driven Bax-luciferase reporter plasmid. In contrast, hnRNP U has no effect when co-expressed with a truncated YAP protein lacking the hnRNP U-binding site. Because YAP is distinguished from the homologue TAZ by its proline-rich amino terminus, the YAP-hnRNP U interaction may uniquely regulate the nuclear function(s) of YAP. The YAP-hnRNP U interaction provides another mechanism of YAP transcriptional regulation. Although initially described as a cytosolic scaffolding protein, YAP (Yes-associated protein of 65 kDa) is known to associate with multiple transcription factors in the nucleus. Using affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry, we show that YAP interacts with heterogeneous nuclear ribonuclear protein U (hnRNP U), an RNA- and DNA-binding protein enriched in the nuclear matrix that also plays a role in the regulation of gene expression. hnRNP U interacts specifically with the proline-rich amino terminus of YAP, a region of YAP that is not found in the related protein TAZ. Although hnRNP U and YAP localize to both the nucleus and the cytoplasm, YAP does not translocate to the nucleus in an hnRNP U-dependent manner. Furthermore, hnRNP U and YAP only interact in the nucleus, suggesting that the association between the two proteins is regulated. Co-expression of hnRNP U attenuates the ability of YAP to increase the activity of a p73-driven Bax-luciferase reporter plasmid. In contrast, hnRNP U has no effect when co-expressed with a truncated YAP protein lacking the hnRNP U-binding site. Because YAP is distinguished from the homologue TAZ by its proline-rich amino terminus, the YAP-hnRNP U interaction may uniquely regulate the nuclear function(s) of YAP. The YAP-hnRNP U interaction provides another mechanism of YAP transcriptional regulation. Gene expression is regulated through a variety of mechanisms including the modulation of transcription factor localization, post-translational processing, and turnover (1Whitmarsh A.J. Davis R.J. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 2000; 57: 1172-1183Crossref PubMed Scopus (244) Google Scholar, 2Desterro J.M. Rodriguez M.S. Hay R.T. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 2000; 57: 1207-1219Crossref PubMed Scopus (81) Google Scholar, 3Fabbro M. Henderson B.R. Exp. Cell Res. 2003; 282: 59-69Crossref PubMed Scopus (195) Google Scholar). In addition, transcription factors may associate with a large number of protein co-factors that either enhance or repress transcriptional activity in a cell type-specific context (4Goodman R.H. Smolik S. Genes Dev. 2000; 14: 1553-1577PubMed Google Scholar, 5Naar A.M. Lemon B.D. Tjian R. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2001; 70: 475-501Crossref PubMed Scopus (433) Google Scholar). These associations function in part to localize transcription factors to specific protein complexes and can recruit proteins of the basal transcription machinery. In addition, specific protein interactions can modulate the localization of transcription factors in the nucleus or cytoplasm and play an important role in the integration of signal transduction cues. One protein recently shown to function as a modulator of multiple transcription factors in a variety of cell types is YAP (Yes-associated protein of 65 kDa). YAP is a modular adaptor protein with multiple protein interaction domains that was originally isolated based on its ability to bind the SH3 domain of the Src family kinase c-Yes (6Sudol M. Oncogene. 1994; 9: 2145-2152PubMed Google Scholar). In addition to its SH3-binding motif, YAP contains a proline-rich amino terminus, a 14-3-3-binding site, one (YAP1) or two (YAP2) WW domains (hereafter, YAP will refer to YAP1), a coiled-coil, and a PDZ interaction motif at the extreme COOH terminus (7Komuro A. Nagai M. Navin N.E. Sudol M. J. Biol. 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Cell. 2003; 11: 11-23Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (632) Google Scholar, 11Ferrigno O. Lallemand F. Verrecchia F. L'Hoste S. Camonis J. Atfi A. Mauviel A. Oncogene. 2002; 21: 4879-4884Crossref PubMed Scopus (170) Google Scholar, 12Vassilev A. Kaneko K.J. Shu H. Zhao Y. DePamphilis M.L. Genes Dev. 2001; 15: 1229-1241Crossref PubMed Scopus (527) Google Scholar, 13Strano S. Munarriz E. Rossi M. Castagnoli L. Shaul Y. A. M. Sudol M. J. Biol. Chem. 2001; Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, R. K. Y. Y. J. 1999; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). These interactions either of the two YAP WW domains that associate with the transcription mechanisms of interaction also (7Komuro A. Nagai M. Navin N.E. Sudol M. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278: 33334-33341Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (381) Google Scholar, 11Ferrigno O. Lallemand F. Verrecchia F. L'Hoste S. Camonis J. Atfi A. Mauviel A. 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The interaction of YAP and hnRNP U the association of YAP with nuclear proteins that function as transcription factors and provides an mechanism YAP may modulate gene expression in Cell and as described P.J. Kreda S.M. Boucher R.C. Sudol M. Stutts M.J. Milgram S.L. J. Cell Biol. 1999; 147: 879-890Crossref PubMed Scopus (166) Google Scholar, Stutts M.J. Milgram S.L. J. Cell Biol. 1999; 147: PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). and as described P.J. Kreda S.M. Boucher R.C. Sudol M. Stutts M.J. Milgram S.L. J. Cell Biol. 1999; 147: 879-890Crossref PubMed Scopus (166) Google Scholar, Stutts M.J. Milgram S.L. J. Cell Biol. 1999; 147: PubMed Scopus Google the and described and in as protein was from the of on and the protein was two was on and affinity and and The U was a from of and at from The was a from from the of was a from of and the was a from YAP and hnRNP U by and the and of the amino terminus and domain of YAP to by and the and of of YAP expression in by and the of the plasmid. The of at the of of and expression of and proteins was with at in The proteins by in and of and The protein was on and of The cell from a of with in and The in and the in The as described P.J. Kreda S.M. Boucher R.C. Sudol M. Stutts M.J. Milgram S.L. J. Cell Biol. 1999; 147: 879-890Crossref PubMed Scopus (166) Google Scholar, P.J. Stutts M.J. Milgram S.L. Mol. 2002; 70: Google and the proteins to and by and by or mass of and in as described that the cell was from of the was by and the proteins with in The and the by and on an as described J. K. J.M. Milgram S.L. M. M. 2003; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). with The in of and was with The by at and in proteins nuclear nuclear proteins by in nuclear and in and of YAP was to and at The on protein and in and with and reporter either or with U as in the was to the of in and to The in and the a was by YAP with in the amino YAP and with its TAZ. 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J. 1999; PubMed Scopus Google and the localization of the protein has we YAP to the nucleus, interact with hnRNP with YAP and hnRNP U and the of protein by of the YAP protein was found in the cytoplasm and on the we also YAP in the nucleus of we also found of hnRNP U in the nucleus of both YAP and hnRNP U the as as in Although hnRNP U was in the cytoplasm of the we a of the protein the cytoplasm subcellular and to and to the of and nuclear YAP. of and nuclear by and the of the was by of the protein Genes Dev. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, Annu. Rev. 14: PubMed Scopus Google or the nuclear J. 2000; PubMed Scopus Google with localization YAP was found in both nuclear and with of the protein in the nucleus based on of multiple also to that hnRNP U in the cytoplasm, the of the protein with the nuclear YAP with hnRNP U in we an interaction between YAP and hnRNP U in and the two proteins in we the two proteins in Furthermore, both proteins found in nuclear and compartments, we the interaction of YAP and hnRNP U in the nucleus, in the cytoplasm, or in both subcellular YAP and nuclear and the protein in was with YAP or a the by and by with and with hnRNP the of was from the of YAP and the protein was in both the nuclear and found that YAP with hnRNP U in the nuclear a of hnRNP U was in the interaction YAP was of interaction we the interaction of and a protein in YAP in the cytoplasm S. Totty N.F. Irwin M.S. Sudol M. Downward J. Mol. Cell. 2003; 11: 11-23Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (632) Google Scholar). we that YAP and hnRNP U interact in and that the interaction in the of of YAP with hnRNP U YAP to the that YAP between the cytoplasm and nucleus to specific signal transduction YAP contains no nuclear localization and the mechanism by the nucleus is Although hnRNP U interacts with YAP only in the nuclear we the that one function of the hnRNP interaction was to YAP the nucleus the two proteins we amino of YAP, the interaction with hnRNP U and targeting YAP to the nucleus in Because the truncated YAP protein was to the nucleus, we and truncated YAP proteins to a protein and the of and including is of hnRNP and the of interaction with hnRNP with or The protein in the cytoplasm In contrast, to both the nucleus and the cytoplasm in a to the YAP protein The protein to cytoplasm, both to the nucleus and the cytoplasm to YAP and Because the of protein in the cytoplasm, in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm, the interaction of YAP with hnRNP U by region is to play a role in the of YAP the nucleus. Furthermore, amino of YAP to YAP to the nucleus. hnRNP U YAP of YAP and hnRNP U interact in the nucleus, we hnRNP U an effect on known YAP in the nucleus. YAP was shown to gene expression to regulate the transcription of the gene S. Totty N.F. Irwin M.S. Sudol M. Downward J. Mol. Cell. 2003; 11: 11-23Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (632) Google Scholar, 13Strano S. Munarriz E. Rossi M. Castagnoli L. Shaul Y. A. M. Sudol M. J. Biol. Chem. 2001; Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). Because of 2002; PubMed Scopus Google we of hnRNP U an effect on the ability of YAP to the expression of we a reporter with a of the with the reporter YAP hnRNP S. Totty N.F. Irwin M.S. Sudol M. Downward J. Mol. Cell. 2003; 11: 11-23Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (632) Google Scholar, 13Strano S. Munarriz E. Rossi M. Castagnoli L. Shaul Y. A. M. Sudol M. J. Biol. Chem. 2001; Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google of YAP Bax-luciferase activity basal of hnRNP U no effect on of the reporter when co-expressed with YAP, hnRNP U the ability of YAP to increase Bax-luciferase activity lacking the domain that the interaction with hnRNP Bax-luciferase activity and not from the effect when YAP was co-expressed in to we with the YAP protein, hnRNP U was to the increase of Bax-luciferase activity we that the association of hnRNP U and YAP is modulation of reporter gene activity in we that YAP and hnRNP U interact in the nucleus and that one of the interaction is to the ability of YAP to function as a transcriptional in we show that YAP and and interacts with hnRNP a nuclear protein and a of the nuclear matrix and H. M. R. M. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2001; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, H. A. A. J. 11: PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, L. R. J. Cell. Biochem. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, H. K. J. Cell. Biochem. 2002; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, M. M. P. 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One is that YAP and hnRNP U interact in the with a affinity the interaction in the nucleus. is also that YAP hnRNP U interact with proteins in the cytoplasm and that protein interactions may the interaction between YAP and hnRNP a protein may an interaction between YAP and hnRNP Because we hnRNP U in from cell we to proteins from the affinity is also that the interaction of YAP and hnRNP U is regulated by or of one or both YAP (6Sudol M. Oncogene. 1994; 9: 2145-2152PubMed Google and hnRNP U and S. Totty N.F. Irwin M.S. Sudol M. Downward J. Mol. Cell. 2003; 11: 11-23Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (632) Google that YAP is in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Furthermore, of YAP has shown to specific interactions in the cytoplasm, at to S. Totty N.F. Irwin M.S. Sudol M. Downward J. Mol. Cell. 2003; 11: 11-23Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (632) Google Scholar). of the mechanism in will important to the of proteins in the nucleus and cytoplasm to a of its factor and by the nuclear of YAP S. Totty N.F. Irwin M.S. Sudol M. Downward J. Mol. Cell. 2003; 11: 11-23Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (632) Google we YAP the nucleus to modulate transcription of a variety of (7Komuro A. Nagai M. Navin N.E. Sudol M. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278: 33334-33341Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (381) Google Scholar, 10Basu S. Totty N.F. Irwin M.S. Sudol M. Downward J. Mol. Cell. 2003; 11: 11-23Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (632) Google Scholar, 11Ferrigno O. Lallemand F. Verrecchia F. L'Hoste S. Camonis J. Atfi A. Mauviel A. Oncogene. 2002; 21: 4879-4884Crossref PubMed Scopus (170) Google Scholar, 12Vassilev A. Kaneko K.J. Shu H. Zhao Y. DePamphilis M.L. 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Chem. 2003; 278: 33334-33341Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (381) Google YAP may translocate from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in association with the Because we found hnRNP U in the cytoplasm and hnRNP U contains an nuclear localization signal M. J. 11: PubMed Scopus Google we the that the association with hnRNP U a role in the of YAP from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. YAP we found from the nucleus, YAP and was found in both the cytoplasm and in the nucleus and Because amino of YAP its interaction with hnRNP we that the YAP-hnRNP U interaction plays no role in targeting YAP to the nucleus. Furthermore, the of can not bind hnRNP that of YAP that interaction does not play a role in YAP in the nucleus. Although the hnRNP interaction does not play a role in the subcellular localization of YAP, studies show that of hnRNP U attenuates the ability of YAP to increase p73-driven Bax-luciferase activity in not hnRNP U the ability of YAP to function as a transcriptional with hnRNP U may a YAP is the proline-rich amino terminus that hnRNP U is not the region of YAP in transcriptional hnRNP U may YAP from of gene transcription from studies that of hnRNP U transcription by the to the nuclear matrix H. M. R. M. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2001; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, M. J. S. H. A. S. R. J. Biol. Chem. Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). The nuclear matrix may in transcription and and is a many transcription factors R. M.J. H. J. Rev. 1995; Google and proteins in M. J. Cell Biol. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, M.J. J.M. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, M.J. J. Biol. Chem. 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J. 1999; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). hnRNP U may modulate the ability of YAP to regulate the activity of multiple transcription the transcription factors bind a region of YAP that with the hnRNP U-binding A. Kaneko K.J. Shu H. Zhao Y. DePamphilis M.L. Genes Dev. 2001; 15: 1229-1241Crossref PubMed Scopus (527) Google Scholar). studies will to hnRNP U and is or and the association of YAP and hnRNP U attenuates transcriptional with in a variety of suggest that YAP in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm in multiple in the cytoplasm YAP may the by association with PDZ proteins P.J. Kreda S.M. Boucher R.C. Sudol M. Stutts M.J. Milgram S.L. J. Cell Biol. 1999; 147: 879-890Crossref PubMed Scopus (166) Google or may in the cytoplasm in association with S. Totty N.F. Irwin M.S. Sudol M. Downward J. Mol. Cell. 2003; 11: 11-23Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (632) Google Scholar). in the nucleus YAP may in association with hnRNP U in the nuclear matrix or at of transcription in association with a variety of transcription will to the of of protein complexes and to the between the of YAP Furthermore, will to that the of YAP in one or of the that YAP has multiple protein interaction domains and is and cell type-specific interactions also to the of YAP as an adaptor protein and as a of gene Stutts with and with and in affinity the YAP and many the YAP in and the Milgram
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