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Cyanine dyes are characterized by an odd number 2 n + 3 of π-centers and 2 n + 4 π-electrons (where n is the number of vinyl groups –CH = CH–). This special feature has a marked impact on their electronic structure and thus their equilibrium structure in the electronic ground state as well their color and electronic spectrum, respectively. Their first technical application was the use as spectral sensitizers in silver halide photography. Today they have numerous of applications in digital optical data storage, Computer-to-Plate lithographic printing plates, bio-analysis and medical diagnostics.
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Heinz Mustroph (2020) studied this question.
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