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Avshalom Caspi, Bradley R. Entner Wright, Terrie E. Moffitt, Phil A. Silva, Early Failure in the Labor Market: Childhood and Adolescent Predictors of Unemployment in the Transition to Adulthood, American Sociological Review, Vol. 63, No. 3 (Jun., 1998), pp. 424-451
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Caspi et al. (1998) studied this question.
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