Angiographic Anatomy of the Left Coronary Veins: Beyond Conventional Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

Figures

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  Fig. 1. a Venous angiogram in the 15o LAO projection showing the main tributaries of the coronary sinus; b The VOM in the 5o LAO projection emerging from the CS-GCV junction; CS, coronary sinus; GCV, great cardiac vein; AIV, anterior interventricular vein; MCV, middle cardiac vein; VOM, vein of Marshall; MAAV, mitro-aortic annular vein; LAO, left anterior oblique projection

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  Fig. 2. a A venogram showing an almost right ostial angle of the CS and b the origin of the GCV after the VOM take-off; CS, coronary sinus; GCV, great cardiac vein; AIV, anterior interventricular vein; MCV, middle cardiac vein; VOM, vein of Marshall; MAAV, mitro-aortic annular vein; RAO, right anterior oblique projection

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  Fig. 3. Venous drainage of the left atrium; VOM, vein of Marshall; LA, left atrium; LAA, left atrial appendage

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  Fig. 4. a RAO view of CS angiogram showing the VOM and the left atrial appendage vein; b Example of anterior left atrial veins having a collateral communication with a vein of the left ventricular summit ; CS, coronary sinus; GCV, great cardiac vein; AIV, anterior interventricular vein; MCV, middle cardiac vein; VOM, vein of Marshall; LA, left atrium; LAA, left atrial appendage; MAAV, mitro-aortic annular vein; RAO, right anterior oblique projection

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  Fig. 5. Venous anatomy of the left ventricular summit; CS, coronary sinus; GCV, great cardiac vein; AIV, anterior interventricular vein; Cx, circumflex artery; LAD, left anterior descending artery

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  Fig. 6. a CS angiogram showing the MAAV having collateral communication with anterior left atrial veins; b Septal veins emerging from AIV; CS, coronary sinus; GCV, great cardiac vein; AIV, anterior interventricular vein; LA, left atrium; MAAV, mitro-aortic annular vein; LAO, left anterior oblique projection

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  Fig. 7. CS angiogram illustrating the trajectory of the LVSV in relationship with the aortic valve and the left main coronary artery; CS, coronary sinus; GCV, great cardiac vein; AIV, anterior interventricular vein; LVSV, left ventricular summit vein; AP, anteroposterior projection