Advancing multi-scale plant phenotyping for precision agriculture and sustainable crop production.

Plant phenotyping captures the integrated structural and functional traits of crops across cellular, tissue, organ, whole-plant, and population scales. It represents the outward expression of genotype-environment interactions and provides essential technological support for precision breeding, smart agriculture, and sustainable crop production. As farming shifts from experience-based to data-driven decision-making, the efficient acquisition and integrated analysis of phenotypic information at multiple spatial scales has emerged as a major research frontier at the intersection of agronomy, plant science, and agricultural engineering.