Quantized Inverse Design for Photonic Integrated Circuits

The inverse design of photonic integrated circuits (PICs) presents distinctive computational challenges, including their large memory requirements. Advancements in the two-photon polymerization (2PP) fabrication process introduce additional complexity, necessitating the development of more flexible optimization algorithms to enable the creation of multimaterial 3D structures with unique properties. This paper presents a memory efficient reverse-mode automatic differentiation framework for finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations that can handle complex constraints arising from novel fabrication methods. Our method is based on straight-through gradient estimation that enables nondifferentiable shape parametrizations. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by creating increasingly complex structures to solve the coupling problems in PICs. The results highlight the potential of our method for future PIC design and practical applications.