Role of novel drug delivery system in enhancing iron bioavailability and reducing gastrointestinal side effects in iron deficiency anemia

OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this review is to comprehensively analyze advancements in novel drug delivery systems, including carrier-based approaches, M cell targeting, and controlled and sustained release formulations, which have been developed to improve iron bioavailability and minimize gastrointestinal side effects commonly associated with conventional iron therapies. SIGNIFICANCE: Iron deficiency anemia is a widespread health issue, disproportionately affecting women, children, and vulnerable groups, with serious maternal and population health impacts. This review includes current research, clinical trials, and patented inventions to illustrate the advantages, limitations, and potential future directions of these technologies used in managing IDA. Understanding these advanced systems is crucial for developing safer and more effective iron formulations. KEY FINDINGS: Advanced drug delivery system including carriers such as liposomes, hydrogels, microspheres, nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, and sucrosomial iron. They significantly increase intestinal absorption and systemic availability of iron compared to conventional therapies. M cell targeting enhances iron absorption by facilitating efficient transcytosis across the intestinal epithelium, leading to improved bioavailability. Additional benefits from controlled release and gastroretentive dosage forms, which maintain release at absorption sites while reducing adverse effects. CONCLUSION: Novel drug delivery systems represent a transformative approach in iron supplementation therapy, overcoming the dual challenges of poor bioavailability and gastrointestinal intolerance. By optimizing delivery, absorption, and release kinetics, these systems enhance therapeutic efficacy and patient acceptability. Ongoing research and clinical trials of such technologies hold great promise for developing next-generation iron formulations with enhanced bioavailability, superior safety, and effectiveness profiles.