Real critical exponents from the ε -expansion in an interacting U ( 1 ) model with non-Hermitian Z 4 anisotropy

In quantum optics and condensed matter physics, non-Hermitian phenomena are often studied under the assumption of an open physical system. However, there are many examples of intrinsically non-Hermitian, though often <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <a:mi mathvariant="script">PT</a:mi> </a:math> -symmetric systems, which do not necessarily need to be characterized as open, where one usually speaks of gain and loss relative to an underlying environment. A particularly intriguing example with experimental consequences in the literature is QCD at finite density. Motivated by the existence of such inherently non-Hermitian systems, here we study the critical behavior of a <c:math xmlns:c="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <c:mrow> <c:mi>U</c:mi> <c:mo>(</c:mo> <c:mn>1</c:mn> <c:mo>)</c:mo> </c:mrow> </c:math> -invariant Lagrangian perturbed by a complex, <d:math xmlns:d="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <d:mi mathvariant="script">PT</d:mi> </d:math> -symmetric <f:math xmlns:f="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <f:msub> <f:mi>Z</f:mi> <f:mn>4</f:mn> </f:msub> </f:math> anisotropy. We find real critical exponents both in the region of unbroken and broken <g:math xmlns:g="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <g:mi mathvariant="script">PT</g:mi> </g:math> symmetry. In the former the coupling constants for fixed points or lines are real, whereas in the latter they become complex. Importantly, the most stable fixed point corresponds to the flow at large distances towards an effectively Hermitian <i:math xmlns:i="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <i:mrow> <i:mi>U</i:mi> <i:mo>(</i:mo> <i:mn>1</i:mn> <i:mo>)</i:mo> </i:mrow> </i:math> symmetric system. This constitutes an example where both the <j:math xmlns:j="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <j:mrow> <j:mi>U</j:mi> <j:mo>(</j:mo> <j:mn>1</j:mn> <j:mo>)</j:mo> </j:mrow> </j:math> and the Hermitian character are emergent features of the theory. This tells us about the importance and physical meaning of some non-Hermitian systems beyond interpretations involving gain and loss.