Electroanatomical Conduction Characteristics of Pig Myocardial Tissue Derived from High-Density Mapping

Figures

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  Figure 1. Example of a right atrium showing circular areas for calculating local conduction velocities and voltage amplitudes in ParaView. The blue colour indicates transitions to the venae cavae and right ventricle, where no circles are placed.

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  Figure 2. Comparison of estimated unipolar conduction velocities and voltage amplitudes during sinus rhythm across the cardiac chambers (RA, LA, RV, and LV) normalized to 90 bpm. The left graph displays mean conduction velocities (m/s), and the right graph shows mean voltage amplitudes (mV) with 95% confidence intervals. Brackets denote selected pairwise comparisons between chambers, with p-values testing if the ratio of mean velocities equals 1 or the difference in mean voltages equals 0 mV. The data were obtained using linear mixed-effects models and analysed using estimated marginal means. For velocity, we analysed the data on the log scale and then back-transformed the results for interpretation.

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  Figure 3. Visualization of estimated mean unipolar conduction velocities (m/s) during sinus rhythm, normalized to 90 bpm, across distinct regions of each cardiac chamber and their pairwise comparisons. The figure shows four subplots, each representing a cardiac chamber (right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle), with potential mapping regions (anterior, posterior, lateral, septal, and superior). The 95% confidence interval is given for each mean velocity. Brackets highlight significant contrast ratios (p < 0.05) between the regions within the corresponding chamber, indicating divergence from a ratio of 1. The data were obtained using linear mixed-effects models and estimated marginal means. We conducted tests on the log scale and subsequently back-transformed the results for interpretation.

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  Figure 4. Visualization of estimated mean unipolar voltage amplitudes (mV) during sinus rhythm, normalized to 90 bpm, across distinct regions of each cardiac chamber and their pairwise comparisons. The figure shows four subplots, each representing a cardiac chamber (right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle), with potential mapping regions (anterior, posterior, lateral, septal, and superior). The 95% confidence interval is given for each mean voltage. Brackets highlight significant voltage mean differences (Δ > 0 mV; p < 0.05) between the regions within the corresponding chamber. Data were derived from linear mixed-effects models with estimated marginal means.

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  Figure 5. Relationship between unipolar voltage amplitude and unipolar conduction velocity for right (blue) and left (red) atria, and right (purple) and left (green) ventricles during sinus rhythm. Pearson’s correlation coefficients and their p-values for each heart chamber are provided.