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T cells showed similar differentiation trajectories, suggesting that culture conditions may have a larger impact on phenotypic remodeling than CAR integration. Upon antigen encounter and restimulation, day 5 and day 10 products showed comparable cytotoxicity, while differing in their activation and checkpoint profiles. Cryopreservation modestly affected stem cell memory, activation, and metabolic markers but preserved overall phenotype and cytotoxic function. These findings establish a high-dimensional framework for mapping CAR T cell dynamics to support manufacturing optimization and next-generation cell therapy design.
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Cadiñanos-Garai et al. (2025) studied this question.
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