Contribution of Migration in Growth of Major Urban Agglomerations in India

Universally, urban agglomeration symbolizes the rapid expansion of the modern urban world. In reshaping the demographic and spatial landscapes of urban agglomeration, migration plays a significant role. Most developing countries have evidence of a faster increase in urban agglomeration. India, like the most divergent regional divisional country, has different characteristics of urban centers. Where some cities developed in the early period, but some cities have developed in recent times. At the same time, metro cities have a unique way of growing and experiencing growth. This study investigates the nature of migration in the growth of major urban agglomerations in India, focusing on Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, and Bangalore. Drawing on data from the Census of India 2011, the research analyzed decadal population growth, migration origin (rural vs. urban), inter- and intra-state migration patterns, duration of residence, and reasons for migration. The findings reveal that Delhi and Bangalore have experienced the highest growth rates due to inter-state migration driven by employment opportunities and economic liberalization. In contrast, Kolkata shows slower growth, rooted in longer-term, intra-state migration patterns. Notably, Chennai and Bangalore receive a higher proportion of urban-origin and skilled migrants, reflecting a shift toward knowledge-based urban economies. Meanwhile, Mumbai and Delhi continue to attract rural-origin populations, reinforcing their status as industrial and administrative hubs. This paper examines the critical role of migration in shaping India’s urban agglomerations and highlights the necessity for inclusive planning frameworks that address regional disparities and foster balanced urban growth.