Employment models for general practitioners in england: evidence from repeated surveys

BACKGROUND: Recruitment and retention of General Practitioners (GPs) is a global challenge in primary care. Traditionally, GPs in the UK have worked as self-employed partners. However, policy changes in England have allowed for salaried GP positions within primary care partnerships. The effects of these different employment models on recruitment and retention remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the impact of partnership vs. salaried employment models on GP job satisfaction, job pressures, and intentions to reduce working hours in England. METHODS: Data from nine waves of the national GP Worklife Survey (2001-2019) were analysed using multivariate regression models. The analysis adjusted for several GP characteristics, including age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, and number of children. RESULTS: Salaried GPs reported higher satisfaction with working hours but lower satisfaction with income compared to partner GPs. Partner GPs experienced higher job pressures and were more likely to intend to reduce their working hours within five years. CONCLUSIONS: Flexible working arrangements, such as salaried positions, may enhance job satisfaction and retention among GPs, helping to address workforce challenges in primary care. Targeted policies are needed to mitigate job pressures and improve satisfaction, particularly among partner GPs.