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Quarks and leptons, which have the same electroweak interactions, markedly differ in their masses and mixing patterns. Neutrino masses are very small while quark masses are large and the lepton mixing matrix contains two large angles while quark mixings are small. Concentrating on the lepton sector, this review presents the flavor puzzles with effective field theories. Beyond standard model theories are discussed that contain organizing principles designed to provide natural explanations of neutrino masses and mixings.
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Feruglio et al. (2021) studied this question.
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