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If information is costly to collect and implement, then it is efficient for trades by informed investors to occur at prices sufficiently different from full-information prices to compensate them for the cost of becoming informed. This notion is tested by evaluating investment performance in the mutual fund industry over a 20-year period. The study finds evidence that is consistent with optimal trading in efficient markets. Risk-adjusted returns in the mutual fund industry, net of fees and expenses, are comparable to returns available in index funds; and portfolio turnover and management fees are unrelated to fund performance.
Richard A. Ippolito (Wed,) studied this question.