Research progress on multivalent genetically engineered vaccines against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

This article systematically elaborates on the etiological characteristics, epidemiology and current status of prevention and control of diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). ETEC is an important pathogenic bacterium responsible for diarrhea in young animals and its pathogenicity is closely associated with specific adhesins and enterotoxins. The article focuses on the serotype diversity of ETEC and its relationship with pathogenicity. It also analyzes the differences in susceptibility among various animal hosts and age groups. Furthermore, it outlines the epidemiological features of its transmission through contaminated water and food. In response to the drug resistance issues resulting from antibiotic overuse, the article highlights vaccination as the most effective current prevention and control strategy. It also summarizes the research progress and application potential of multivalent vaccines, genetically engineered vaccines and novel live-vector vaccines targeting fimbrial antigens and enterotoxins. This review aims to offer important theoretical insights for a deeper understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of ETEC and the development of highly effective and broad-spectrum vaccines.