Fecal ACE and ACE2 activities reflect intestinal shedding and microbiota modulation of the renin–angiotensin system

Figures

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  Figure 1. ACE activity using (a) h-HL and (b) Z-FHL as substrates, and (c) ACE2 activity in the feces of 2 month old control (n = 10, 5 males and 5 females and germ-free mice (n = 10, 5 males and 5 females). *** p < 0.001 and **** p < 0.0001.

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  Figure 2. ACE activity using (a) h-HL and (b) Z-FHL as substrates, and (c) ACE2 activities in the feces of 4 month old control (n = 13, 4 males and 9 females) and ACE2-KO (n = 10, 4 males and 6 females) mice. *** p < 0.001.

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  Figure 3. ACE activity using (a,d) h-HL and (b,e) Z-FHL as substrates, and (c,f) ACE2 activity in the feces of 3–5 month old total ACE-KO mice (n = 10, 5 males and 5 females) and corresponding controls (n = 9, 4 males and 5 females), as well as 5 month old ACE C-domain KO mice (n = 6, 1 male and 5 females), 4–5 month old ACE N-domain KO mice (n = 10, 5 males and 5 females) and corresponding controls (4–5 month old, n = 10, 5 males and 5 females). * p < 0.05.

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  Figure 4. ACE activity using (a,c) h-HL and (b,d) Z-FHL as substrates in the feces of 3–5 month old total ACE-KO mice (n = 10, 5 males and 5 females) and corresponding controls (n = 9, 4 males and 5 females), as well as 5 month old ACE C-domain KO mice (n = 6, 1 male and 5 females), 4–5 month old ACE N-domain KO mice (n = 10, 5 males and 5 females) and corresponding controls (4–5 month old, n = 10, 5 males and 5 females). * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01.

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  Figure 5. Ratios between (a,d,g,j) ACE activity using h-HL and ACE activity using Z-FHL, (b,e,h,k) ACE2 and ACE activity using h-HL, and (c,f,i,l) ACE2 and ACE activity using Z-FHL in the feces of control and total ACE-KO, ACE C-domain KO and ACE N-domain KO mice. *** p < 0.001 and **** p < 0.0001.

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  Figure 6. Schematic representation of the potential sources and modulatory pathways underlying ACE and ACE2 activity detected in fecal samples.