An Integrated Strategy for Synergistic Control of Dust Emission and Spontaneous Combustion in Port Lignite Operations: Based on Physicochemical Characterization and CFD Simulation

Lignite, a major global dry bulk commodity, presents significant dual challenges of dust emission and spontaneous combustion during port operations, severely impacting safety and environmental sustainability. This study proposes an integrated strategy for the synergistic control of these risks. Initially, detailed physicochemical characterization (particle size distribution, proximate analysis, and minimum ignition temperature) was performed on 10 representative lignite samples, elucidating their distinct dust emission and spontaneous combustion propensities. Subsequently, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were utilized to simulate wind speed gradients across port stockyards under seasonal conditions, thereby delineating high, medium, and low wind speed zones. Building on these insights, a novel “three-dimensional integrated” prevention and control strategy was devised. This strategy comprises: (1) optimized zoned storage based on port wind field characteristics, prioritizing high-risk lignite in low wind speed areas; (2) precise moisture content regulation via humidification during dynamic operational phases, circumventing conventional water spraying drawbacks; and (3) synergistic optimization of stack morphology and environmental conditions during static storage. This comprehensive strategy achieves source-level control and full-chain synergistic management of lignite dust emission and spontaneous combustion risks. This research provides a scientific basis and practical paradigm for domestic ports and contributes innovative solutions for the sustainable development of international dry bulk ports.