Anti-biofilm properties of a plantaricin J-containing culture supernatant from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum AV3: potential for inhibiting and reducing bacterial biofilms on food-contact surfaces

for S. Typhimurium. These findings identify AV3-derived plantaricin J as a stable bactericidal peptide and its culture supernatant as a promising biofilm-reducing preparation, particularly against L. monocytogenes. Further validation using commercial sanitizer controls, mixed-species biofilms, and industrially relevant conditions is warranted.